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Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little ter, in jun with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Childre born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learime that such statements appease parents and friends – and their owhis is why researchers generally regard so-called muilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同，内疚感显现得稍晚一些，它随着孩子对社会和道德规范的理解日益加深而显现。孩子们并非天生就知道如何说“对不起”；而是随着时间的推移，他们才逐渐认识到这类话语能够安抚父母、朋友——以及自己的良心。这就是为什么研究人员通常认为所谓的道德内疚感，如果适度，会是一件好事
In the popur imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply unfortable – it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this uanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the Uy of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a rger reition that emotions aren’t binary – feelings that may be advantageous iext may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness be destructive.
当然，在人们的普遍观念中，内疚感仍饱受非议。它让人感到非常不舒服——在情感上相当于穿了一件装有许多石头的夹克。然而这种理解已经过时了。弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究员阿穆瑞沙·瓦依希指出，“如今已再度兴起，或者说人们已经开始重新思考内疚感是什么及其会起到什么作用，”她还补充道，这种复兴是更广泛认知的一部分，即情绪不是二元对立的——在一种情景下可能有益的情绪在另一种情景下可能是有害的。例如，嫉妒和愤怒可能已经演变成警示，提醒我们注意重大的不平等现象。过多的快乐也可能具有破坏性。
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about oodness, ence humans to make up for errors and fix retionships. Guilt, in other words, help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
而通过促使我们更深入地思考人性之善，内疚感可以鼓励人们弥补过错并修复关系。换句话说，内疚感有助于让一个合作性的种群团结起来。它是一种社会黏合剂。
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the Uy of Toronto, suggests that guilt may pensate for aional deficy. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experieng muilt, which rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy substitute for low guilt.
从这个角度来看，内疚感是一种机会。多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜·马尔蒂的研究表明，内疚感可以弥补某种情感缺失。马尔蒂和其他研究人员已经通过大量研究证明，内疚感和同情心可能代表着通往合作与分享的不同途径。一些缺乏同情心的孩子可以通过体验更多的内疚感来弥补这种不足，这样可以抑制他们更恶意的冲动。反之亦然：富有同情心可以弥补内疚感的缺乏。
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel ive emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocote s, and given a ce to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how ihey were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically beore sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
例如，在2014年的一项研究中，马尔蒂观察了244名儿童。通过看护者的评价和孩子们的自我观察，她对每个孩子的整体同情心水平及其在违背道德后产生负面情绪的倾向进行了评估。然后，孩子们分到了一些金币巧克力，并有一次与一位不知姓名的孩子分享巧克力的机会。对那些缺乏同情心的孩子来说，他们分享出去多少似乎取决于他们感到内疚的倾向程度。那些容易感到内疚的孩子分享得更多，尽管他们没有奇迹般地变得更加同情另一个孩子的匮乏。
“That’s good news, ” Malti says. “We be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
“这是个好消息。”马尔蒂说。“我们会因为自已造成的伤害而感到悔恨，因而变得亲社会。”
21 Researchers think that guilt be a good thing because it may help .
研究人员认为内疚可能是一件好事，因为它可能有助于
A regute a child’s basic emotions
调节孩子的基本情绪
B improve a child’s intellectual ability
提高孩子的智力
C foster a child’s moral development
促进孩子的道德发展
D intensify a child’s positive feelings
强化孩子的积极情绪
22 Acc traph 2, many people still sider guilt to be .
根据二段可知，许多人任然认为内疚感是
A deceptive
有欺骗性的
B burdensome
令人有负担的
C addictive
使人成瘾的
D inexcusable
不可原谅的
23 Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt es from an awarehat .
瓦衣西认为，对内疚感的重新思考源于_____这一认识
A emotions are text-indepe
情绪与情景无关
B emotions are socially structive
情绪有社会建设性
C emotional stability be health
情绪稳定有益健康
D aion py opposing roles
同一种情绪可以起到相反的作用
24 Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing .
马尔蒂和其他研究人员已经证明，各合作与分享
A may help correct emotional deficies
可以帮助纠正情感缺失
B result from either sympathy uilt
可由同情心或内疚感引起
bring about emotional satisfa
可以带来情感上的满足
D may be the oute of impulsive acts
可能是冲动行为的结果
25 The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to .
“transgressions”一词的意思最接近
A teags
教导
B discussions
讨论
C restris
限制
D wrongdoings
错误的行为